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For added assurance, when you use Azure Key Vault, you can import or generate keys in hardware security modules (HSMs) that never leave the HSM boundary. This scenario is often referred to as bring your own key, or BYOK. Azure Key Vault uses nCipher nShield family of HSMs (FIPS 140-2 Level 2 validated) to protect your keys.

This functionality is not available for Azure China 21Vianet.

A Hardware security module (HSM) is a physical computing device that safeguards and manages digital keys for strong authentication and provides crypto processing. Encryption Key Management is a paid add-in feature, which can be enabled at the repository level. Please contact NetDocuments Sales for more information. The new key management.

Note

A hardware security module (HSM) is a dedicated crypto processor that is specifically designed for the protection of the crypto key lifecycle. Hardware security modules act as trust anchors that protect the cryptographic infrastructure of some of the most security-conscious organizations in the world by securely managing, processing,. Note that HSM in this RoT usage scenario does not store any customer encryption keys. Customer keys are stored and managed directly by the Oracle Key Vault server. Enabling HSM in your Oracle Key Vault installation will not disrupt existing features. Oracle Key Vault can use HSMs to generate and store a Root of Trust (RoT) that protects encryption keys used by Oracle Key Vault to safeguard users' keys and credentials. When using Oracle Key Vault with an HSM, keys and credentials can be read if the RoT stored in the HSM is available.

For more information about Azure Key Vault, see What is Azure Key Vault?
For a getting started tutorial, which includes creating a key vault for HSM-protected keys, see What is Azure Key Vault?.

Supported HSMs

Transferring HSM-protected keys to Key Vault is supported via two different methods depending on the HSMs you use. Use the table below to determine which method should be used for your HSMs to generate, and then transfer your own HSM-protected keys to use with Azure Key Vault.

Next steps

Follow Key Vault Best Practices to ensure security, durability and monitoring for your keys.

A hardware security module (HSM) is a physical computing device that safeguards and manages digital keys for strong authentication and provides cryptoprocessing. These modules traditionally come in the form of a plug-in card or an external device that attaches directly to a computer or network server. A hardware security module contains one or more secure cryptoprocessorchips.^[1][2][3]

Design[edit]

HSMs may have features that provide tamper evidence such as visible signs of tampering or logging and alerting, or tamper resistance which makes tampering difficult without making the HSM inoperable, or tamper responsiveness such as deleting keys upon tamper detection.^[4] Each module contains one or more secure cryptoprocessor chips to prevent tampering and bus probing, or a combination of chips in a module that is protected by the tamper evident, tamper resistant, or tamper responsive packaging.

A vast majority of existing HSMs are designed mainly to manage secret keys. Many HSM systems have means to securely back up the keys they handle outside of the HSM. Keys may be backed up in wrapped form and stored on a computer disk or other media, or externally using a secure portable device like a smartcard or some other security token.^[5]

Because HSMs are often part of a mission-critical infrastructure such as a public key infrastructure or online banking application, HSMs can typically be clustered for high availability and performance. Some HSMs feature dual power supplies and field replaceable components such as cooling fans to conform to the high-availability requirements of data center environments and to enable business continuity.

A few of the HSMs available in the market have the capability to execute specially developed modules within the HSM's secure enclosure. Such an ability is useful, for example, in cases where special algorithms or business logic has to be executed in a secured and controlled environment. The modules can be developed in native C language, .NET, Java, or other programming languages. Further, upcoming next-generation HSMs^[6] can handle more complex tasks such as loading and running full operating systems and COTS software without requiring customization and reprogramming. Such unconventional designs overcome existing design and performance limitations of traditional HSMs. While providing the benefit of securing application-specific code, these execution engines protect the status of an HSM's FIPS or Common Criteria validation.

With the advent of Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), some claim that HSMs no longer need to depend on proprietary hardware architectures and physical tamper protection. Rather, they can exploit the security properties of the TEE to protect the confidentiality and integrity of both the secret keys and the application code. This enables 'soft HSMs' such as the Fortanix Self-Defending Key Management Service^[7] to be deployed using off-the-shelf hardware, virtual machines, and cloud servers while providing similar security guarantees to traditional HSMs. Moreover, such solutions can utilize cloud-native technologies to simplify scaling. There is also the possibility of executing custom code plugins within the TEE. However, these guarantees provided by soft HSMs are not similar to those provided by proprietary hardware architectures and physical tamper protection, and various standards organizations do not accept these arguments.

Security[edit]

Due to the critical role they play in securing applications and infrastructure, HSMs and/or the cryptographic modules are typically certified to internationally recognized standards such as Common Criteria or FIPS 140 to provide users with independent assurance that the design and implementation of the product and cryptographic algorithms are sound. The highest level of FIPS 140 security certification attainable is Security Level 4 (Overall), to which only one HSM has been successfully validated as of August 2018.^[8] When used in financial payments applications, the security of an HSM is often validated against the HSM requirements defined by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council.^[9]

Uses[edit]

A hardware security module can be employed in any application that uses digital keys. Typically the keys must be of high value - meaning there would be a significant, negative impact to the owner of the key if it were compromised.

To generate the public/private key pair, enter this in the Command Prompt: ssh-keygen At the first prompt, “Enter file in which to save the key,” press Enter to save it in the default location. Generate public key from private ssh. Press generate and follow instructions to generate (public/private) key pair. Create a new 'authorizedkeys' file (with Notepad): Copy your public key data from the 'Public key for pasting into OpenSSH authorizedkeys file' section of the PuTTY Key Generator, and paste the key data to the 'authorizedkeys' file. To generate the missing public key again from the private key, the following command will generate the public key of the private key provided with the -f option. $ ssh-keygen -y -f /.ssh/idrsa /.ssh/idrsa.pub Enter passphrase: The -y option will read a private SSH key. Mar 31, 2018  Generate public key and store into a file It is a simple one liner command to generate a public key from a private key, so lets say our private key is named ‘user@myserver.key’ and we want to generate the public key and name it ‘authorizedkeys’. Below is the command to do this.

The functions of an HSM are:

• onboard secure cryptographic key generation
• onboard secure cryptographic key storage, at least for the top level and most sensitive keys, which are often called master keys
• key management
• use of cryptographic and sensitive data material, for example, performing encryption or digital signature functions
• offloading application servers for complete asymmetric and symmetric cryptography.

HSMs are also deployed to manage transparent data encryption keys for databases and keys for storage devices such as disk or tape.

HSMs provide both logical and physical protection of these materials, including cryptographic keys, from disclosure, non-authorized use, and potential adversaries.^[10]

HSMs support both symmetric and asymmetric (public-key) cryptography. For some applications, such as certificate authorities and digital signing, the cryptographic material is asymmetric key pairs (and certificates) used in public-key cryptography.^[11] With other applications, such as data encryption or financial payment systems, the cryptographic material consists mainly of symmetric keys.

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Some HSM systems are also hardware cryptographic accelerators. They usually cannot beat the performance of hardware-only solutions for symmetric key operations. However, with performance ranges from 1 to 10,000 1024-bit RSA signs per second, HSMs can provide significant CPU offload for asymmetric key operations. Since the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is recommending the use of 2,048 bit RSA keys from year 2010,^[12] performance at longer key sizes is becoming increasingly important. To address this issue, some HSMs now support elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), which delivers stronger encryption with shorter key lengths.

PKI environment (CA HSMs)[edit]

In PKI environments, the HSMs may be used by certification authorities (CAs) and registration authorities (RAs) to generate, store, and handle asymmetric key pairs. In these cases, there are some fundamental features a device must have, namely:

• Logical and physical high-level protection
• Multi-part user authorization schema (see Blakley-Shamir secret sharing)
• Full audit and log traces
• Secure key backup

On the other hand, device performance in a PKI environment is generally less important, in both online and offline operations, as Registration Authority procedures represent the performance bottleneck of the Infrastructure.

Card payment system HSMs (bank HSMs)[edit]

Specialized HSMs are used in the payment card industry. HSMs support both general-purpose functions and specialized functions required to process transactions and comply with industry standards. They normally do not feature a standard API.

Typical applications are transaction authorization and payment card personalization, requiring functions such as:

• verify that a user-entered PIN matches the reference PIN known to the card issuer
• verify credit/debit card transactions by checking card security codes or by performing host processing components of an EMV based transaction in conjunction with an ATM controller or POS terminal
• support a crypto-API with a smart card (such as an EMV)
• re-encrypt a PIN block to send it to another authorization host
• perform secure key management
• support a protocol of POS ATM network management
• support de facto standards of host-host key data exchange API
• generate and print a 'PIN mailer'
• generate data for a magnetic stripe card (PVV, CVV)
• generate a card keyset and support the personalization process for smart cards

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The major organizations that produce and maintain standards for HSMs on the banking market are the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council, ANS X9, and ISO.

SSL connection establishment[edit]

Performance-critical applications that have to use HTTPS (SSL/TLS), can benefit from the use of an SSL Acceleration HSM by moving the RSA operations, which typically requires several large integer multiplications, from the host CPU to the HSM device. Typical HSM devices can perform about 1 to 10,000 1024-bit RSA operations/second.^[13] Some performance at longer key sizes is becoming increasingly important. To address this issue, some HSMs ^[14] now support ECC. Specialized HSM devices can reach numbers as high as 20,000 operations per second.^[15]

DNSSEC[edit]

An increasing number of registries use HSMs to store the key material that is used to sign large zonefiles. An open source tool for managing signing of DNS zone files using HSM is OpenDNSSEC.

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On January 27, 2007 deployment of DNSSEC for the root zone officially started; it was undertaken by ICANN and Verisign, with support from the U.S. Department of Commerce.^[16] Details of the root signature can be found on the Root DNSSEC's website.^[17]

See also[edit]

Notes and references[edit]

1. ^Ramakrishnan, Vignesh; Venugopal, Prasanth; Mukherjee, Tuhin (2015). Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2015: ICIEMS 2015. Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties (ASDF). p. 9. ISBN9788192974279.
2. ^'Secure Sensitive Data with the BIG-IP Hardware Security Module'(PDF). F5 Networks. 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
3. ^Gregg, Michael (2014). CASP CompTIA Advanced Security Practitioner Study Guide: Exam CAS-002. John Wiley & Sons. p. 246. ISBN9781118930847.
4. ^'Electronic Tamper Detection Smart Meter Reference Design'. freescale. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
5. ^'Using Smartcard/Security Tokens'. mxc software. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
6. ^'World's First Tamper-Proof Server and General Purpose Secure HSM'. Private Machines. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
7. ^'Self-Defending Key Management Service™ (SDKMS) Fortanix'. fortanix.com. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
8. ^'Encryption solutions'. Ultra Electronics. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2018. Ultra also boasts the world’s only network-attached Hardware Security Module (HSM) utilising a cryptographic module that is certified to FIPS 140-2 Level 4 overall.
9. ^'Official PCI Security Standards Council Site - Verify PCI Compliance, Download Data Security and Credit Card Security Standards'. www.pcisecuritystandards.org. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
10. ^'Support for Hardware Security Modules'. paloalto. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
11. ^'Application and Transaction Security / HSM'. Provision. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
12. ^'Transitions: Recommendation for Transitioning the Use of Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Lengths'. NIST. January 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
13. ^F. Demaertelaere. 'Hardware Security Modules'(PDF). Atos Worldline. Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
14. ^'Barco Silex FPGA Design Speeds Transactions In Atos Worldline Hardware Security Module'. Barco-Silex. January 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
15. ^'SafeNet Network HSM - Formerly Luna SA Network-Attached HSM'. Gemalto. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
16. ^'ICANN Begins Public DNSSEC Test Plan for the Root Zone'. www.circleid.com. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
17. ^Root DNSSEC

External links[edit]

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